Sunday, 6 August 2023

Gravitational Lensing and Quasars

Gravitational lensing is a phenomenon predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity, where the gravitational field of a massive object, like a galaxy or a cluster of galaxies, bends and distorts the path of light from a background source, such as a quasar. This distortion can create multiple images of the same quasar or even amplify its brightness, allowing us to study distant and faint objects that would otherwise be difficult to observe. 



Quasars are incredibly luminous and distant objects believed to be powered by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies. When a quasar's light is gravitationally lensed, it can provide valuable insights into the distribution of dark matter and the properties of massive objects in the universe.

The Whispering Shadows [Chapter 1 – Arrival at Dusk]

Chapter 1 – Arrival at Dusk

As dusk claimed dominance over daylight, a bus coughed its way into a small town flanked by towering trees casting long shadows under their leafy crowns. From it descended Ishwari- an ambitious journalist drawn towards this remote location after hearing myriad tales about its ghostly charm.

Eerie quietness hung around like a thick blanket making every footstep echo ominously as she walked toward her rented room above ‘Radha’s Inn’. It was here that she first met Radha- an old woman with wrinkles tracing deep lines of wisdom on her face; eyes held stories untold while lips sealed them off with determined silence.


“Welcome dear,” said Radha warmly but not without noticing how unsettled Ishwari looked as darkness swallowed up remnants of daylight completely.

As they sat down for a warm meal, Radha began sharing tales of the town’s history. She spoke of an ancient mansion nestled deep within the woods, shrouded in stories of hauntings and strange occurrences. The townsfolk seldom ventured near it after sunset, she said, her voice barely above a whisper.


The mention of the haunted mansion piqued Ishwari’s curiosity. Her eyes lit up with an unspoken thrill that only those who sought mysteries would understand. Radha noticed this change and offered a word of caution, “It isn’t just a story, dear.”

Yet by then, Ishwari was already lost in thoughts about exploring the mansion. She decided to visit it first thing next morning and perhaps meet its inhabitants if any lived there still.

As she retired to bed that night, an unsettling quietness filled her room along with whispers from nearby trees rustling under nocturnal winds – sounds that seemed eerily familiar yet alien all at once.


The night was filled with strange sounds. Ishwari tossed and turned, her mind filled with Radha’s tales of the mansion and its eerie past. The wind whistled through the cracks in her window, carrying whispers of forgotten stories that only added to her restlessness.

As dawn approached, she finally succumbed to sleep, dreaming of shadowy figures lurking behind ancient trees and a mansion standing tall amidst perpetual darkness. The dream was so vivid it felt like a premonition.


She woke up just as the first rays of sunlight began to peek into her room. Despite the restless night, she felt an inexplicable energy coursing through her veins. After a quick breakfast with Radha who looked even more worried than last night, Ishwari set out towards the mansion.

As she walked deeper into the woods following Radha’s directions, everything around seemed to change subtly; birds chirping less cheerfully while shadows grew darker despite daylight overhead. She could see it now- an imposing structure looming ahead like a silent sentinel guarding secrets within its stone walls.


Ishwari hesitated for a moment before stepping onto the cobblestone path leading towards it. An uncanny chill ran down her spine but she shrugged off any fear creeping into her heart reminding herself about why she was here – To uncover hidden truths no matter how terrifying they might be!

As Ishwari approached the mansion, she felt an uncanny presence. The mansion stood tall and ominous amidst the dense woods, its stone walls whispering tales of long-forgotten times. She paused for a moment to absorb the sight before her; it was just as Radha had described – eerie yet fascinating.


She walked up the pathway lined with ancient trees that seemed to have witnessed centuries pass by. Their shadows danced on the ground, creating patterns that sent chills down Ishwari’s spine.

The large wooden door creaked open under her touch revealing an opulent interior shrouded in dust and gloom. As she stepped inside, she could almost hear echoes from past – laughter, cries, whispers – all blending into an eerie symphony that filled every corner of this place.


Ishwari explored each room meticulously but found nothing unusual except for a strange chill that seemed to follow her around. Just when she was about to leave disappointedly thinking maybe Radha’s stories were merely folklore after all, something caught her eye in one of upstairs rooms.

It was a portrait of two children who looked eerily similar to Yuvraj and Vaishnavi whom Radha had mentioned during their conversation last night. A sudden realization dawned upon Ishwari making her heart pound wildly against her chest – Perhaps those haunting experiences weren’t mere figments of imagination but horrifying realities trapped within these walls!


Ishwari stood frozen, staring at the portrait. The children in it had a haunted look in their eyes that sent shivers down her spine. She traced her fingers over the canvas, feeling an odd connection with them.

Suddenly, she felt a cold gust of wind sweeping through the room despite all windows being shut tight. The chandelier overhead swayed violently as if moved by unseen hands while distant whispers filled the air around her.

Terrified yet intrigued, Ishwari decided to spend the night in this mansion hoping to encounter something more substantial than mere whispers and chilling winds. She returned to Radha’s place briefly to fetch some essentials and inform her about staying overnight at the mansion.


Radha looked horrified upon hearing this but didn’t protest knowing well that Ishwari was not someone who would back off easily once determined. “Just be careful,” she said handing over an old talisman for protection against evil spirits prevalent in local folklore.

As Ishwari walked back towards the mansion under a starless sky, she couldn’t shake off an unsettling feeling of being watched closely from behind those towering trees surrounding it on all sides. Nevertheless, she stepped inside resolutely readying herself for whatever lay ahead!
 

The Whispering Shadows [Chapter 2 – Echoes from the Past]

Chapter 2 – Echoes from the Past

Ishwari spent the evening exploring more rooms in the mansion, each one echoing its own tale of past. She came across a library filled with dusty volumes, some dating back centuries. Among them, she found an old diary that seemed to belong to Yuvraj and Vaishnavi’s ancestors.

As she flipped through its brittle pages under the flickering candlelight, she was drawn into a world of royal feuds and dark magic that once dominated this mansion. It spoke about a curse cast upon this place by an aggrieved sorcerer whose love was spurned by one of their ancestors.


The curse stated that every generation living within these walls would be tormented by unseen forces until someone brave enough confronts this darkness and breaks it forever.

Feeling her heart pound with excitement and fear, Ishwari realized why Radha had been so apprehensive about her staying here overnight. The haunting experiences weren’t just mere ghostly encounters but manifestations of a centuries-old curse!



Chapter 2 – Unveiling the Curse

As Ishwari delved deeper into the diary, she came across various accounts of eerie occurrences that had plagued the mansion’s inhabitants. There were tales of children waking up with unexplainable bruises, objects moving on their own, and terrifying apparitions appearing in mirrors.

She also found entries about Yuvraj and Vaishnavi’s parents who disappeared mysteriously one night leaving behind their young children alone to face this curse. The town was too scared to intervene fearing they might become victims of this curse themselves.


The diary ended abruptly without revealing any clues about how to break this curse. However, it did mention an old sage living deep within the forest who might hold some answers.

Ishwari decided she would seek him out once dawn breaks but for now, she needed to survive through this night inside these haunted walls. She could already feel an unseen presence lurking around her as darkness thickened outside casting long shadows inside the mansion.

With a heavy heart yet unwavering determination, Ishwari returned back to her temporary quarters within the mansion clutching tightly onto Radha’s talisman praying it protects her from whatever evil resided here.


Chapter 2 – Night of the Shadows

As Ishwari lay in bed, she could hear the mansion creaking under the weight of its dark history. Strange whispers filled her room, making her skin prickle with unease. She felt a chill run down her spine as an unseen force seemed to pass through her room.

Despite the fear gnawing at her, she reminded herself that she was here on a mission – to uncover this town’s secrets and free Yuvraj and Vaishnavi from their torment.

She remembered Radha’s words about how no one had ever survived a night alone in this mansion. But Ishwari wasn’t just anyone; she was a seasoned journalist who had faced danger before.


Suddenly, an eerie silence fell over the mansion as if time itself had stopped. Then came a chilling scream from another part of the house which made Ishwari jump out of her bed instantly.

Recognizing it as Vaishnavi’s voice, Ishwari sprinted towards it without thinking twice about what might be waiting for her in those shadowy corridors. As she neared Vaishnavi’s room, she could hear sobbing mixed with hushed comforting words from Yuvraj.

Taking deep breaths to steady herself, Ishwari knocked lightly on their door preparing herself for yet another horrifying revelation within these haunted walls.


Chapter 2 – Unseen Terror

Ishwari entered the room to find Yuvraj trying to comfort a sobbing Vaishnavi, who was pointing towards her mirror. The mirror reflected nothing but an empty room, yet Vaishnavi insisted she had seen a shadowy figure standing behind her.

Yuvraj explained that such incidents were common and they had learned to live with them. But Ishwari could see the fear in their eyes; it was not just living, it was surviving each day.

As she tried to console Vaishnavi, Ishwari noticed an old photograph on the bedside table. It showed a happy family – Yuvraj and Vaishnavi’s parents smiling at the camera while holding their young children close.


Feeling a pang of sadness for these orphaned siblings, Ishwari promised herself that she would uncover this mansion’s secrets and put an end to their suffering.

She spent the rest of the night in their room sharing stories from her travels trying to lighten up their mood until sleep claimed them all.

However, as dawn approached bringing along some respite from those haunting shadows, another chilling realization dawned upon Ishwari – those whispers weren’t just random noises but seemed like cries for help trapped within these ancient walls echoing through centuries.

With newfound determination fueled by this revelation and Radha’s talisman still clutched tightly in her hand providing some solace amidst this terror, Ishwari decided it was time to seek out that sage mentioned in Radha’s diary hoping he held answers needed for freeing this town from its haunted past.


Chapter 2 – A Dawn of Realization

As the first light of dawn filtered through the curtains, Ishwari looked at Yuvraj and Vaishnavi sleeping peacefully. It was hard to imagine that these innocent souls were living amidst such terror. She knew she had to act fast.

She left a note for them explaining her plan to visit the sage and promising them that they would soon be free from this haunting menace.

Leaving the mansion behind, she walked towards Radha’s house hoping she could provide directions to find the sage. As Ishwari approached Radha’s cottage, she felt a strange sense of calmness washing over her despite knowing what lay ahead in her journey.


Radha welcomed Ishwari with warm tea and provided detailed instructions on finding the sage who lived deep within those shadowy hills surrounding their town.

Armed with hope and determination, Ishwari set out on her daunting mission leaving behind Radha’s comforting presence. The dense forest seemed even more intimidating now but remembering Vaishnavi’s terrified face gave her strength to move forward.

As she ventured deeper into woods following Radha’s instructions carefully, an uncanny silence enveloped around making every rustle sound like whispers echoing from trees themselves as if they held stories untold just like that ancient mansion.


However, amidst all this eeriness came a ray of optimism when finally after hours of trekking uphill through winding trails, she saw smoke rising from a distance indicating human presence – perhaps it was where the sage resided.

Friday, 4 August 2023

เค†เคाเคฆी เค•ा เค…เคฎृเคคเคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคต

"เค†เคाเคฆी เค•ा เค…เคฎृเคคเคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคต" เคฎ्เคนเคฃเคœे เคญाเคฐเคคाเคš्เคฏा เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा 75 เคต्เคฏा เคตเคฐ्เคทिเค•ोเคค्เคธเคตाเคšी เคธ्เคฎृเคคिเคฎोเคนเค• เค†เคฏोเคœเคจा. เคฏा เคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคตाเคš्เคฏा เคฆเคฐเคฎ्เคฏाเคจ เคญाเคฐเคคीเคฏ เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เค‡เคคिเคนाเคธाเคคीเคฒ เคฎเคนเคค्เคตเคชूเคฐ्เคฃ เค˜เคŸเคจांเคš्เคฏा เค†เคฃि เคต्เคฏเค•्เคคिเค—เคคเคคेเคš्เคฏा เคช्เคฐเค•เคฐเคฃांเคš्เคฏा เค†เคฏोเคœเคจाเคค เคธเคฎाเคตेเคถ เคนोเคฃाเคฐे เค†เคนे. เคฏा เค…เคตเคธเคฐाเคจे เคญाเคฐเคคीเคฏ เคœเคจเคคेเคš्เคฏा เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เคฎเคนเคค्เคตाเคš्เคฏा เค…เคจुเคญเคตांเคšी เค†เคฃि เคถเค•्เคคीเคšी เค†เคฆเคฐ्เคถเคช्เคฐเคฆ เค†เคฃि เค‰เคค्เคธाเคนเคตเคฐ्เคงเคจ เค•เคฐเคฃ्เคฏाเคš्เคฏा เค‰เคฆ्เคฆिเคท्เคŸांเคธाเค ी เค†เคฏोเคœिเคค เค•ेเคฒे เค†เคนे.



"เค†เคाเคฆी เค•ा เค…เคฎृเคคเคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคต" เคฎ्เคนเคฃเคœे เคญाเคฐเคคाเคš्เคฏा เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा 75 เคต्เคฏा เคตเคฐ्เคทिเค•ोเคค्เคธเคตाเคšी เคธ्เคฎृเคคिเคฎोเคนเค• เค†เคฏोเคœเคจा. เคฏा เคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคตाเคš्เคฏा เคฆเคฐเคฎ्เคฏाเคจ เคญाเคฐเคคीเคฏ เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เค‡เคคिเคนाเคธाเคคीเคฒ เคฎเคนเคค्เคตเคชूเคฐ्เคฃ เค˜เคŸเคจांเคš्เคฏा เค†เคฃि เคต्เคฏเค•्เคคिเค—เคคเคคेเคš्เคฏा เคช्เคฐเค•เคฐเคฃांเคš्เคฏा เค†เคฏोเคœเคจाเคค เคธเคฎाเคตेเคถ เคนोเคฃाเคฐे เค†เคนे. 

เคน्เคฏा เค…เคตเคธเคฐाเคจे เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เคฎเคนเคค्เคตाเคš्เคฏा เค…เคจुเคญเคตांเคšी เคธाเคฎाเคจ्เคฏ เคœเคจเคคेเคš्เคฏा เคธोเคฌเคค เคธाเคฎाเคฏिเค• เค•เคฐเคฃ्เคฏाเคšा เคช्เคฐเคฏเคค्เคจ เค•ेเคฒा เคœाเคคो, เคค्เคฏाเคฎुเคณे เคค्เคฏाเคš्เคฏा เคฎเคนเคค्เคตाเคš्เคฏा เคต्เคฏเค•्เคคिเค—เคค เคธंเคตाเคฆांเคฎเคง्เคฏे เคธเคนเคญाเค—ी เคต्เคนाเคฏเคฒा เคฎिเคณเคคो.


เค†เคœเคš्เคฏा เคตेเคณी, เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคธเคฎाเคœाเคคीเคฒ เคตिเคตिเคง เค…ंเคถ, เคงाเคฐ्เคฎिเค•เคคा, เคธंเคธ्เค•ृเคคी, เค•เคฒा, เคตिเคœ्เคžाเคจ เค†เคฃि เคคंเคค्เคฐเคœ्เคžाเคจाเคš्เคฏा เคตिเค•ाเคธाเคš्เคฏा เคฎाเคฐ्เค—ाเคค เคญाเคฐเคคाเคš्เคฏा เคฎเคนाเคจ เคฏाเคค्เคฐेเคš्เคฏा เคชुเคจเคฐाเคตเคฒोเค•เคจाเคšा เค•्เคทเคฃ เค†เคนे.

เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เค†เคค्เคฎเคจिเคฐ्เคญเคฐ เคญाเคฐเคคाเคš्เคฏा เคธ्เคตเคช्เคจांเคจा เคช्เคฐेเคฐเคฃा เคฎिเคณเคตเคฃ्เคฏाเคš्เคฏा เคฎुเคฆ्เคฆ्เคฏाเคš्เคฏा เคคเคนाเคจे เคฏा เคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคตाเคค เคธंเคฌंเคงिเคค เค˜เคŸเคจांเคš्เคฏा เคช्เคฐเคฆเคฐ्เคถเคจी, เคช्เคฐเคฆเคฐ्เคถเคจी, เค‰เคชเค•्เคฐเคฎांเคš्เคฏा เคฎाเคง्เคฏเคฎाเคคूเคจ เคฏोเคœเคจा เค†เคนेเคค. 

เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เค†เคถीเคฐ्เคตाเคฆी เคตाเคคाเคตเคฐเคฃाเคคूเคจ เค…เคญिเคตाเคฆเคจ เค•เคฐूเคจ, เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เคค्เคฏा เคฎเคนाเค—ाเคฅेเคคीเคฒ เคฏोเค—เคฆाเคจाเคšे เคธ्เคฎเคฐเคฃ เค†เคตเคกเคฃाเคฐे เค†เคนे.



"เค†เคाเคฆी เค•ा เค…เคฎृเคคเคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคต" เคฎ्เคนเคฃเคœे เคญाเคฐเคคीเคฏ เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เคฎเคนเคค्เคตเคชूเคฐ्เคฃ เคธंเค—्เคฐเคนเคฃीเคฏ เค˜เคŸเคจांเคš्เคฏा เค†เคฏोเคœเคจाเคค เคธเคฎाเคตेเคถ เคนोเคฃाเคฐे เคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคต. เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เคฎเคนเคค्เคตाเคš्เคฏा เค˜เคŸเคจांเคšी เคตाเคŸเคช เค•เคฐूเคจ, เคค्เคฏा เคฏोเค—เคฆाเคจเค•เคฐ्เคค्เคฏांเคš्เคฏा เค†เคค्เคฎा เค†เคฃि เคฌเคฒिเคฆाเคจांเคจा เคธเคฒाเคฎी เคฆेเคฃ्เคฏाเคšी เคธंเคงी เค†เคนे.

เคน्เคฏा เคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคตाเคš्เคฏा เค…เคตเคธเคฐाเคจे เคญाเคฐเคคीเคฏ เคธंเคธ्เค•ृเคคीเคš्เคฏा เคตिเคตिเคงเคคेเคš्เคฏा เคช्เคฐเคฆเคฐ्เคถเคจी, เคธंเคธ्เค•ृเคคीเค•ाเคฐ्เคฏเค•्เคฐเคฎ, เคฒोเค•เคฎेเคณांเคš्เคฏा เคฎाเคง्เคฏเคฎाเคคूเคจ เคญाเคฐเคคाเคš्เคฏा เคตिเคตिเคงเคคेเคšे เค…เคฆ्เคฏाเคคเคจिเคค เคšिเคค्เคฐเคฃ เค•ेเคฒे เคœाเคˆเคฒ.


เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เคฏा เคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคตाเคค เคญाเค— เค˜ेเคŠเคจ เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคธंเค—เคฃเค•ीเคฏ เคฏोเค—्เคฏเคคांเคšा เคตाเคชเคฐ เค•เคฐूเคจ, เคตिเคตिเคง เคกिเคœिเคŸเคฒ เคช्เคฐเค•เคฒ्เคชांเคฎเคง्เคฏे เคธเคนเคญाเค—ी เคต्เคนाเคฏเคฒा เคฎिเคณเคฃाเคฐी เค†เคนे. เคฏाเคค्เคฐेเคš्เคฏा เคฆिเคถेเคจे เคญाเคฐเคคाเคš्เคฏा เคธเคฎृเคฆ्เคงीเคš्เคฏा เคช्เคฐเค•्เคทेเคชเคฃाเคš्เคฏा เคฏोเคœเคจेเคšे เคšिเคค्เคฐเคฃ เค•ेเคฒे เคœाเคˆเคฒ.

"เค†เคाเคฆी เค•ा เค…เคฎृเคคเคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคต" เคฎ्เคนเคฃเคœे เคจเคต्เคฏाเคจे เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เค‰เคชเคฒเคฌ्เคงिเคš्เคฏा เคฎाเคง्เคฏเคฎाเคคूเคจ เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคฆेเคถाเคš्เคฏा เคฎเคนเคค्เคตाเคš्เคฏा เคฎเคนเคค्เคตाเคš्เคฏा เค…เค—्เคฐเคฃी เคฎुเคฆ्เคฆ्เคฏांเคš्เคฏा เคธंเคตाเคฆ เคธुเคฐु เค•เคฐเคฃ्เคฏाเคšी เค…เคตเคธเคฐ เคฎिเคณเคตเคคाเคจा เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคšी เคงเคฐोเคนเคฐ เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เคธ्เคฎเคฐเคฃाเคค เคฏेเคฃाเคฐी เค†เคนे.


"เค†เคाเคฆी เค•ा เค…เคฎृเคคเคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคต" เคฎ्เคนเคฃเคœे เคเค• เคฎเคนเคค्เคตเคชूเคฐ्เคฃ เคช्เคฒेเคŸเคซॉเคฐ्เคฎ เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคฆेเคถเคญเค•्เคคीเคš्เคฏा เคญाเคตเคจा เค†เคฃि เคธเคฎเคฐ्เคชเคฃाเคšी เค…เคฆ्เคตिเคคीเคฏ เค…เคตเคธเคฐे เคฆेเคฃाเคฐी เคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคตे. เคฏा เคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคตाเคคूเคจ เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคฆेเคถाเคš्เคฏा เค…เค—्เคฐเคฃी เคฎुเคฆ्เคฆ्เคฏांเคš्เคฏा เคตिเคšाเคฐांเคš्เคฏा เคธเคฎเคฐ्เคฅเคจाเคšी เค†เคฃि เคตिเคฐोเคงाเคšी เคฎाเคง्เคฏเคฎिเค•ा เคฎिเคณเคฃाเคฐी เค†เคนे.

เคฏा เคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคตाเคš्เคฏा เคฆเคฐเคฎ्เคฏाเคจ เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคฆेเคถाเคš्เคฏा เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เค‡เคคिเคนाเคธाเคš्เคฏा เคฎเคนเคค्เคตเคชूเคฐ्เคฃ เค†เคฃि เค…เคฆ्เคตिเคคीเคฏ เคช्เคฐเคฎाเคฃांเคšी เค…เคจुเคญเคตाเคฏเคฒा เคฎिเคณेเคฒ. เคตिเคญिเคจ्เคจ เคช्เคฐเค•ाเคฐเคš्เคฏा เค•ाเคฐ्เคฏเค•्เคฐเคฎांเคฎเคง्เคฏे เคธเคนเคญाเค—ी เคต्เคนाเคฏเคฒा เคฎिเคณเคฃाเคฐी เค†เคนे, เคœ्เคฏाเคฎुเคณे เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เคตिเคตिเคง เค•्เคทेเคค्เคฐाเคคीเคฒ เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เค‰เคชเคฒเคฌ्เคงिเคš्เคฏा เค…เคฆ्เคตिเคคीเคฏ เคฆृเคท्เคŸिเค•ोเคจाเคจे เคชเคฐिเคšिเคค เคนोเคฃ्เคฏाเคšी เคธंเคงी เคฎिเคณเคฃाเคฐी เค†เคนे.


เคฎเคนोเคค्เคธเคตाเคคीเคฒ เคตिเคตिเคง เค•ाเคฐ्เคฏเค•्เคฐเคฎांเคš्เคฏा เคฎाเคง्เคฏเคฎाเคคूเคจ เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เคญाเคฐเคคीเคฏ เคธंเคธ्เค•ृเคคीเคš्เคฏा เค†เคฃि เคคเคค्เคค्เคตเคœ्เคžाเคจाเคš्เคฏा เคตिเคตिเคง เคชเคนिเคฒ्เคฏा เค†เคฃि เค…เคฆ्เคตिเคคीเคฏ เค†เคตเคถ्เคฏเค•เคคांเคšे เค…เคจुเคญเคต เคนोเคˆเคฒ. เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคฆेเคถाเคš्เคฏा เค…เคจेเค• เค—ौเคฐเคตเคชूเคฐ्เคฃ เคธंเค—เค เคจांเคš्เคฏा เคธंเคตाเคฆांเคฎเคง्เคฏे เคธเคนเคญाเค—ी เคต्เคนाเคฏเคฒा เคฎिเคณเคฃाเคฐी เค†เคนे, เคœ्เคฏाเคฎुเคณे เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เคค्เคฏा เคธंเค—เค เคจांเคš्เคฏा เคธाเคฎाเคœिเค• เค•ाเคฐ्เคฏांเคšी เคตाเคŸเคช เค•เคฐเคฃ्เคฏाเคšी เค…เคตเคธเคฐे เคฎिเคณเคฃाเคฐी เค†เคนेเคค.

เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคฆेเคถाเคš्เคฏा เคธ्เคตเคคंเคค्เคฐเคคेเคš्เคฏा เค‰เคชเคฒเคฌ्เคงिเคš्เคฏा เคธเคฐ्เคตांเคš्เคฏा เคธाเคฅी เคต्เคนाเคฏเคฒा เคฎिเคณेเคฒ เค†เคฃि เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏाเคฒा เคค्เคฏा เคฎเคนाเค—ाเคฅेเคคीเคฒ เคฏोเค—เคฆाเคจाเคš्เคฏा เคตिเคšाเคฐांเคšी เคฎเคฐ्เคœीเคฒा เค•เคฐเคฃ्เคฏाเคšी เค†เคฃि เค†เคชเคฒ्เคฏा เคฆेเคถाเคš्เคฏा เคญเคตिเคท्เคฏाเคš्เคฏा เคฆिเคถेเคจे เคฏोเคœเคจांเคจी เคฏोเค—เคฆाเคจ เค•เคฐเคฃ्เคฏाเคšी เคธंเคงी เคฎिเคณเคฃाเคฐी เค†เคนे.

Wednesday, 2 August 2023

Bures and Sjรถqvist metrics over thermal state manifolds for spin qubits and superconducting flux qubits

The Bures and Sjรถqvist metrics are used to quantify the distinguishability of quantum states in a quantum information context. The thermal state manifolds refer to the set of mixed quantum states that can be described by thermal equilibrium conditions at a certain temperature.

For spin qubits and superconducting flux qubits, these metrics are important for understanding the sensitivity of the quantum systems to changes in the environmental conditions, such as temperature. They provide valuable information about how robustly the qubits can maintain coherence and perform quantum operations in the presence of thermal fluctuations.

Researchers use these metrics to analyze the quantum fidelity and geometric properties of the state manifolds, which are crucial for studying quantum error correction, quantum information processing, and quantum control in these systems. By investigating the Bures and Sjรถqvist metrics over the thermal state manifolds, scientists can gain insights into the performance and resilience of spin qubits and superconducting flux qubits in practical quantum technologies.

Monday, 31 July 2023

Biogas to Electricity

Biogas can be converted into electricity through a process called anaerobic digestion. In this process, organic matter, such as agricultural waste, food waste, or sewage, is broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, producing biogas as a byproduct. Biogas is mainly composed of methane, which can be burned to generate electricity in gas turbines, engines, or through a combined heat and power (CHP) system. This conversion of biogas to electricity is a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to generate power while also managing organic waste.



Here are some additional details about the process of converting biogas to electricity:

1. Collection of Biogas: Biogas is typically collected from anaerobic digesters where organic waste is decomposed by bacteria. The digesters can be in the form of tanks or large covered pits. The organic material is added to the digester, and as it breaks down, biogas is produced.

2. Biogas Composition: Biogas primarily contains methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and small amounts of other gases like hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The methane content is crucial for its energy potential, as methane is a potent greenhouse gas and can be utilized as a renewable energy source.


3. Cleaning and Upgrading: Before using biogas for electricity generation, it needs to be cleaned and upgraded to remove impurities like moisture, sulfur compounds, and other contaminants. This process ensures efficient and safe combustion.

4. Electricity Generation: Once the biogas is cleaned and upgraded, it can be used to generate electricity in different ways. One common method is by burning the biogas in a gas turbine or engine, which drives a generator to produce electricity. Another approach is using combined heat and power (CHP) systems, also known as cogeneration, where the waste heat produced during electricity generation is utilized for heating purposes, increasing overall energy efficiency.


5. Environmental Benefits: Utilizing biogas for electricity production has several environmental benefits. It helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions by capturing methane, a potent greenhouse gas, which would otherwise be released into the atmosphere during the natural decomposition of organic waste. Moreover, it promotes the use of renewable energy sources, contributing to a more sustainable energy mix.

6. Applications: Biogas-to-electricity systems can be implemented at various scales, from small-scale applications in rural areas to larger industrial facilities. They are particularly beneficial in rural communities or areas with abundant organic waste sources, as they provide a decentralized and sustainable energy solution.


Overall, the conversion of biogas to electricity is a versatile and eco-friendly method of energy production that can play a significant role in promoting renewable energy adoption and waste management.

Biogas can be converted into electricity in a number of ways, including:

Internal combustion engines: Biogas is burned in an internal combustion engine to generate mechanical energy, which then powers an electric generator. This is the most common method of biogas to electricity conversion. Gas turbines: Biogas is burned in a gas turbine to generate electricity. Gas turbines are more efficient than internal combustion engines, but they are also more expensive. Fuel cells: Biogas can be converted directly into electricity in a fuel cell. Fuel cells are very efficient, but they are also expensive. Combined heat and power (CHP): Biogas can be used to generate both electricity and heat. This is a more efficient use of the energy in the biogas, and it can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 

The amount of electricity that can be produced from biogas depends on a number of factors, including the type of biogas, the efficiency of the conversion system, and the size of the system. In general, 1 cubic meter (m3) of biogas can produce about 6 kWh of electricity.


The cost of biogas to electricity production varies depending on the location, the cost of the feedstock, and the efficiency of the conversion system. In general, the cost of biogas to electricity is competitive with other renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power.

Biogas to electricity production is a clean and sustainable way to generate electricity. It can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality. Biogas to electricity production is also a way to utilize waste materials, such as manure, food scraps, and sewage.


Here are some of the benefits of biogas to electricity production:

It is a renewable energy source. It is a clean and sustainable way to generate electricity. It can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It can help to improve air quality. It can be used to utilize waste materials. 

Here are some of the challenges of biogas to electricity production:

The cost of biogas to electricity production can be high. The technology is not yet as mature as other renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind power. There is a limited market for biogas to electricity, as most countries do not have policies in place to support it. 


Overall, biogas to electricity production is a promising technology with the potential to provide a clean and sustainable source of electricity. However, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed before it can become widely adopted.


Sunday, 30 July 2023

ROXs 42Bb

ROXs 42Bb is a distant exoplanet located about 169 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Ophiuchus. It was discovered in 2015 using the Subaru Telescope. The exoplanet is a gas giant and orbits a young star known as ROXs 42B, which is estimated to be about 9 million years old.



ROXs 42Bb's discovery is significant because it offers valuable insights into the early stages of planetary formation. Being relatively young, it gives astronomers a chance to study the processes that shape planetary systems in their infancy. The exoplanet is estimated to be about 8 times the mass of Jupiter, making it a massive gas giant.

Due to its distance and faintness, observing ROXs 42Bb directly is challenging. Astronomers often use various methods, such as radial velocity measurements or transit observations, to indirectly study its characteristics and gather information about its atmosphere and composition.


The young star, ROXs 42B, around which the exoplanet orbits, is classified as a T Tauri star. These types of stars are relatively young and are still in the process of contracting and stabilizing on the main sequence. The presence of a gas giant planet around such a young star provides valuable data for studying the early interactions between planets and their host stars.

With advancements in technology and space exploration, scientists continue to uncover more about distant exoplanets like ROXs 42Bb, enhancing our understanding of the vast array of planetary systems that exist beyond our solar system. 

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